[Chinese consensus of cardiopulmonary resuscitation guides prevention, treatment and rescue of cardiac arrest in pregnancy].

Pregnant women are a group of people in a special period, once sudden cardiac arrest (CA) occurs, it will threaten the life of both mother and child. It has become a great challenge for hospital, doctors and nurses to minimize maternal mortality during pregnancy. All the efforts should ensure the safety of both mother and child throughout the perinatal period. Because difference of the cardiopulmonary resuscitation strategies for common CA patients of the same age, the resuscitation strategies for CA patients during pregnancy need consider the patient's gestational age and fetal condition. Different resuscitation techniques, such as manual left uterine displacement (MLUD), will involve perimortem cesarean delivery (PMCD). At the same time, drugs should be reasonably used for different causes of CA during pregnancy, such as hypoxemia, hypovolemia, hyperkalemia or hypokalemia and other electrolyte disorders and hypothermia in 4Hs, as well as thrombosis, pericardial tamponade, tension pneumothorax and toxicosis in 4Ts. In view of the fact that many causes of CA in pregnancy are preventable, it is more necessary to introduce guidelines for CA in pregnancy in line with our national conditions for clinical guidance. This paper systematically reviewed the pathophysiological characteristics of CA during pregnancy, the high-risk factors of CA during pregnancy, and identified the correct resuscitation methods and prevention and treatment strategies of CA during pregnancy.

Increased serum LOXL2 concentration in pelvic inflammatory disease with pelvic adhesion.

BACKGROUND: Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) belongs to a family of the LOX secretory enzyme, which involves the cross-linkage of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Here, we aimed to analyze the correlation between serum LOXL2 and pelvic adhesion in chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). METHODS: A total of 143 patients with PID and 130 healthy controls were included in this study. The serum levels of LOXL2 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The patients were divided into non-adhesion group (102 cases) and adhesion group (41 cases). RESULTS: It was found that the serum level of LOXL2 expression was elevated in PID patients compared with healthy controls, and was elevated in PID patients with pelvic adhesion compared to patients without adhesion. In all PID patients, serum LOXL2 level was positively correlated with matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9), transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß1), whole blood viscosity (WBV) at low shear rate (LSR), WBV at high shear rate (HSR), and hematocrit (HcT). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that serum LOXL2 level was an independent risk factor for pelvic adhesion in PID patients (OR = 1.058; 95% CI = 1.030-1.086, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Serum LOXL2 level not only predicts the presence of PID, but serum LOXL2 concentration is also associated with the presence of pelvic adhesions.

Gold interdigitated micro-immunosensor based on Mn-MOF-74 for the detection of Listeria monocytogens.

Accurate and rapid detection of foodborne pathogens is a key to prevent foodborne disease outbreaks. In this study, a novel impedance immunosensor based on a metal-organic framework (Mn-MOF-74) is used to rapidly and sensitively detect Listeria monocytogenes (L. m) in milk. Divalent manganese ions are released by the MOF reduction reaction mediated by hydrogen peroxide. Consequently, the impedance signal was detected by high conductive single-crystalline gold interdigitated microelectrode to achieve quantification of L. m. First, the capture antibodies (Ab1) are modified on the surface of the magnetic beads to generate immunomagnetic beads (MBs@Ab1), which are used specifically to separate L. m cells in the matrices. Later, the immunosensor (Mn-MOF-74@Ab2) is added to the matrices to form a sandwich complex (MBs@Ab1-L. m-Mn-MOF-74@Ab2). Henceforward, Mn2+ is released from the sandwich composite via the action triggered by H2O2. The release of Mn2+ significantly changes the impedance of interdigitated microelectrodes, leading to ultrasensitive detection of L. m. The recoveries for L. m cells at the concentration between 1.0 × 100 and 1.0 × 104 CFU/mL are 90.2%-101.7% in water and 88.5%-96.2% in milk. The detection limit of this approach for L. m cells in water and milk are 7.1 and 9.2 CFU/mL, respectively. This approach can achieve rapid quantification of L. m cells within 60 min, and can also be employed to monitor other foodborne pathogens.

Hafnium oxide layer-enhanced single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistor-based sensing platform.

Single-walled carbon nanotube-based field effect transistors (SWCNT-FETs) are ideal candidates for fabricating sensors and have been widely used for chemical sensing applications. SWCNT-FETs have low selectivity because of the environmentally sensitive electronic properties of SWCNTs, and SWCNT-FETs also show a high noise signal and poor sensitivity because of charge trapping from Si-OH hydration of the SiO2/Si substrate on the SWCNTs. Herein, poly (4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) was used for noncovalent attachment to SWCNTs and selective binding to copper ions (Cu2+). Importantly, the introduction of a hafnium-oxide (HfO2) layer through atomic layer deposition (ALD) overcame the charge trapping by SiO2 hydration and remarkably decreased the interference signal. The sensitivity of the P4VP/SWCNT/HfO2-FET sensor for Cu2+ was 7.9 µA µM-1, which was approximately 100 times higher than that of the P4VP/SWCNT/SiO2-FET sensor, and its limit of detection (LOD) was as low as 33 pmol L-1. Thus, the P4VP/SWCNT/HfO2-FET sensor is a promising candidate for the development of Cu2+-selective sensors and can be designed for the large-scale manufacturing of custom-made sensors in the future.

Ziyin Bushen Decoction Alleviates Perimenopausal Syndrome in Rats by Enhancing Estradiol Production.

Perimenopausal syndrome (PMS) has a high incidence rate and affects the physical and mental health of middle-aged and elderly women. The blockage of PMS is significant in improving the health of perimenopausal women. Currently, for PMS prevention and treatment, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has become an ideal choice because of its safety and effectiveness. This study aimed to explore the anti-PMS effects of Ziyin Bushen Decoction (DKTP) and the underlying mechanism. Thirty female Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (n = 6): control group, low-dose DKTP group, medium-dose DKTP group, high-dose DKTP group, and nilestriol group. The estradiol (E2) level in rat peripheral blood was analyzed using an E2 Radioimmunoassay Kit, and uterine morphologic changes were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Learning and memory ability of rats was assessed by Morris water maze (MWM) and novel object recognition (NOR) task. E2 synthesis, metabolism, and transport associated estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα), GnRHR, CYP17, CYP11A1, CYP19, 17ßHSD, STS, and SHGB were assessed to explore the E2-promoting mechanism of DKTP during PMS treatment. The loss of learning and memory, the decreased estrous and uterine coefficient, and the presence of histopathological changes suggests a successful establishment of rat PMS model. Following DKTP or nilestriol treatment, the above results were reversed. E2 level in serum, uterine, and ovarian tissues was upregulated upon different concentrations of DKTP treatment, indicating that DKTP promotes the E2 level in a dose-dependent manner. DKTP also increased the expression of ERα, CYP17, CYP11A1, CYP19, 17ßHSD, STS, and SHGB while decreased the GnRHR expression in uterine and ovarian tissues, revealing that these key molecules involved in estrogen synthesis, metabolism, and transport in PMS rats. We confirmed the anti-PMS effect of DKTP through enhancing E2 production. Exploring a novel drug based on improving E2 synthesis, metabolism, and transport may represent a novel strategy for PMS prevention and treatment.

Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Perylene Bisimide-Based Rigid Giant Tetrahedra.

Recently, ordered structures constructed from rigid three-dimensional (3D) shaped polyhedra have been drawing general interest, with the tetrahedron being the simplest one but showing complicated assembly behaviors. Rigid tetrahedron building blocks have been shown to form quasicrystalline and crystalline phases with high packing fractions by both simulation and experiments. Nevertheless, the study of 3D tetrahedral building blocks is limited, especially in the field of supramolecular self-assembly. Here, we present an experimental study of rigid giant tetrahedral molecules constructed by attaching four bulky polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) cages to a tetrahedral perylene bisimide (PBI) scaffold. Self-assembly of these giant tetrahedra is mediated by π-π interaction between the tetrahedral PBI-based scaffolds and their overall tetrahedral symmetry. A monolithic nearly centimeter-sized hexagonal supramolecular structure was observed in the giant tetrahedron with short flexible linkers between PBI and POSS cages, while a micrometer-sized crystalline helical structure formed in that with completely rigid aromatic linkers. Their significant difference in electrical conductivity could be explained by two completely different packing models of the giant tetrahedra.

Analysis of internal spermatic vein embolization through catheter versus laparoscopic high ligation in treatment of left varicocele.

OBJECTIVE: Varicocele is a common disease in young and middle-aged men. This study aims to compare the efficacy of internal spermatic vein embolization of left varicocele versus laparoscopic high ligation. METHODS: From January 2017 to September 2018, a total of 69 varicocele patients were admitted and given the opportunity to choose the treatment option. Among these, 26 patients were treated with sclerosing agent injection, while 43 patients underwent laparoscopic surgery. They were followed up for 12 months after surgery, and the technical success rate, recurrence rate, complication rate, cost, operative time, and hospitalization time with regard to these two methods were analyzed. RESULTS: All patients completed the medical procedures. There was no recurrence in patients in the sclerotherapy group during the follow-up period; however, the complication rate was 19.2%. Furthermore, the operative time, hospitalization time, and cost of treatment were 31.1 ± 11.1 min, 1.2 ± 0.49 days, and 9613.11 ± 895.97 Yuan, respectively. In the laparoscopic group, 9 patients underwent laparoscopic bilateral high ligation, while 34 patients received treatment on the left side alone. The recurrence rate of left varicocele was 4.7% and the complication rate was 44.2%. Furthermore, the operative time, hospitalization time, and treatment cost were 50.4 ± 14.48 min, 4.0 ± 2.02 days, and 10,948.29 ± 2547.00 Yuan, respectively. Moreover, there were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in operative time, hospitalization time, and treatment cost. Patients in the sclerotherapy group had an advantage with respect to the overall complication rate when compared with patients from the laparoscopic group (X2 = 4.448, P < 0.05), and there was a statistically significant difference in hydrocele (X2 = 4.555, P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the recurrence rate between these two groups (X2 = 1.245, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients who underwent sclerotherapy showed a higher technical success rate, a lower recurrence rate, fewer complications, and shorter hospitalization time compared to those treated with laparoscopic ligation. Transcatheter sclerosing agent injection may be a preferable treatment option for patients with unilateral varicocele.

A new aptamer/black phosphorous interdigital electrode for malachite green detection.

Malachite Green (MG), a cationic triphenylmethane dye, has adverse effects on the immune and reproductive system. Thus, it is essential to develop a rapid, sensitive and high-selective method for determination of MG. Black phosphorus (BP) has high charge-carrier mobility (∼1000 cm2 V-1 s-1) and high adsorption capacity for cationic dyes (i.e. MG) through both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Thus, it potentially plays as a high-sensitive sensing platform for detecting MG. However, BP degrades within 12 h under humid condition, which limits its applications. To overcome this issue, cysteine (CYS) is used for protecting BP from oxidation and ceasing its degradation. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that CYS is used to functionalize BP, and a silicon interdigital electrode is fabricated with the functionalized BP and aptamer. The BP-based interdigital electrode shows a lowest detection limit of 0.3 ng L-1 toward MG. This work provides a new route to prepare a large scale and selective biosensor for MG monitoring on site in future.

Selective Sensing of Copper Ions by Mesoporous Porphyrinic Metal-Organic Framework Nanoovals.

Copper is a common element in the environment and human body. Exposure to high concentrations of Cu2+ potentially causes health issues, such as Wilson and Alzheimer's diseases. It is of great importance for the highly selective and sensitive detection of Cu2+. In this work, a porous metal-organic framework (MOF), PCN222, is employed for the selective and sensitive determination of Cu2+. The selectivity of PCN222 relies on the interaction between Cu2+ and the porphyrin core of PCN222. PCN222 stacked with porphyrin rings exhibits solvent adaptability, which overcomes the drawback of the natural porphyrinic enzyme (such as HRP). PCN222 is used for constructing a sensor which shows a linear range of Cu2+ concentration from 0.4 to 13 µmol L-1, and its limit of detection (LOD) is 50 nmol L-1. The response time is less than 3 s, which is faster than previous methods. This work opens up a new route to MOF applications in the detection of metal ions in complex environments.

Passivation of black phosphorus as organic-phase enzyme platform for bisphenol A determination.

Black phosphorus (BP) has a high charge-carrier mobility (∼1000 cm2 V-1 s-1), but the bare BP degrades rapidly in the presence of oxygen and water which limits the application of the BP. In this study, a simple, non-covalent passivation strategy is developed by modifying of the BP with hexamethylendiamine (HA). The functionalized BP exhibits good stability over 4 weeks. The organic phase interdigital electrode which is constructed by stable HA/BP and tyrosinase displays lowest noise signal (0.025 nA) and relatively low detection limit (10 nmol L-1) for bisphenol A. This work provides a new strategy for construction of novel biofuel cell, bioelectronics and biosensors.

Comparison of the Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Xiaoyuningkun Decoction with Cynanchum Paniculatum and Fukeqianjin in a Mouse Model of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.

BACKGROUND Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that the extract of Cynanchum paniculatum (bunge) kitag and the fukeqianjin formulation have beneficial effects in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). This study aimed to compare the effects of Cynanchum paniculatum and fukeqianjin with a new decoction, xiaoyuningkun, consisting of Melia toosendan, Angelica biserrata, and Cynanchum paniculatum, in a mouse model of PID. MATERIAL AND METHODS The mouse model of PID included injection of the upper genital tract with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The control group underwent sham treatment with 0.9% physiological saline. Cynanchum paniculatum, fukeqianjin, and xiaoyuningkun decoction were administered orally for 15 days. Acetic acid-induced writhing and thermal nociception hot plate tests evaluated the analgesic effects of treatment. Mouse uterus and Fallopian tubes were examined histologically to evaluate the degree of inflammation. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure the protein expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measured serum levels of inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS Treatment with xiaoyuningkun decoction significantly reduced the pain threshold in the mouse model of PID and the degree of inflammation in the uterus and Fallopian tubes compared with Cynanchum paniculatum and fukeqianjin. Cynanchum paniculatum decoction significantly reduced the serum levels of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), ICAM-1, and VEGF, and the expression of ICAM-1 and VEGF in the mouse uterus and Fallopian tubes. CONCLUSIONS The new xiaoyuningkun decoction had analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in the mouse model of PID, possibly by inhibiting ICAM-1, VEGF, and inflammatory cytokines.

Efficacy of Endovenous Laser Treatment Combined with Sclerosing Foam in Treating Varicose Veins of the Lower Extremities.

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to investigate the efficacy of incision-free endovenous laser treatment (EVLT) combined with sclerosing foam in treating varicose veins of the lower extremities. METHODS: A total of 140 patients (186 limbs) who underwent laser closure of the great saphenous vein + injection sclerotherapy were included in the present study. Preoperative information, intraoperative conditions, duration of the operation, and length of hospital stay were recorded in detail. During the 6-month follow-up, the closure of the trunk and branches of the great saphenous vein, postoperative pain, the recovery of ulcer and dermatitis, and postoperative complications were traced. RESULTS: All patients were treated with laser closure of the great saphenous vein and lauromacrogol injection. Twenty-six stage C6 limbs (lower extremity with ulcer) healed within 6 months, and the postoperative subjective pain disappeared after 1 month. In six patients, pigmentation in the surgical site did not completely disappear at 6 months after the operation. Saphenous nerve injury was found in five patients within 3 months after the operation, and all healed at 6 months after the operation. CONCLUSION: EVLT combined with sclerosing foam is effective for treating varicose great saphenous veins. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered at http://www.chictr.org.cn (registration number: ChiCTR1900021409).

Fabrication, Characterization, and Application of Large-Scale Uniformly Hybrid Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Substrates.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates with high sensitivity and reproducibility are highly desirable for high precision and even molecular-level detection applications. Here, large-scale uniformly hybrid nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (NERS) substrates with high reproducibility and controllability were developed. Using oxygen plasma treatment, large-area and uniformly rough polystyrene sphere (URPS) arrays in conjunction with 20 nm Au films (AuURPS) were fabricated for SERS substrates. Au nanoparticles and clusters covered the surface of the URPS arrays, and this increased the Raman signal. In the detection of malachite green (MG), the fabricated NERS substrates have high reproducibility and sensitivity. The enhancement factor (EF) of Au nanoparticles and clusters was simulated by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations and the EF was more than 104. The measured EF of our developed substrate was more than 108 with a relative standard deviation as low as 6.64%-13.84% over 15 points on the substrate. The minimum limit for the MG molecules reached 50 ng/mL. Moreover, the Raman signal had a good linear relationship with the logarithmic concentration of MG, as it ranged from 50 ng/mL to 5 µg/mL. The NERS substrates proposed in this work may serve as a promising detection scheme in chemical and biological fields.

[2018 National consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in China].

OBJECTIVE: To promote the technical training and scientific popularization of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in China, the Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Specialized Committee of Chinese Research Hospital Association combined with the Science Popularization Branch of the Chinese Medical Association wrote "2018 National consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in China". The formation was based on the general outline about "2016 National consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation in China", and to implement the important strategies included the "three pre" policy, prevention, precognition, and pre-warning, before the cardiac arrest (CA); the "three modernization" methods, standardized, diversified and individualized, during the CA; and the "three life" strategies, the rebirth, the extra and the extended, after the CA; and also combined with the concrete National conditions and clinical practice of China area. The document summarized the evidence of published science about CPR training till now, and recommend the establishment of "the CPR Training Triangle" according to the Chinese National conditions. The bases of the triangle were system, training and person, the core of which was CPR science. The main contents were: (1) The "three training" policy for CPR training: the cultivation of a sound system, which included professional credibility, extensive mobilization and continuous driving force, and the participation of the whole people and continuous improvement; the cultivation of scientific guidelines, which included scientific content, methods and thinking; and the cultivation of a healthy culture, which included the enhancement of civic quality, education of rescue scientifically, and advocate of healthy life. (2) The "three training" program of CPR training: training professional skills, which included standard, multiple, and individual skills; training multidimensional, which included time, space, and human; and training flexible, including problem, time, and innovation oriented. (3) The "three party" direction of CPR training, the application for achievement translation, which included scientific translations, skill propagators, and cultural advocates; the precision disseminators, which included accurate communication sources, channels, and dissemination of the audience; and theoretical innovation guides, which included scientific, popular science and communication theory. That integrated the wisdom of scholars, melt the thought of genius, and created the act of envoy for Chinese and foreign CPR training. The training program should be suitable for different trainee, no matter who is trainer or trainee. The release of the expert consensus on the 2018 CPR training will make the National CPR education into the new training era with definite direction, clear target and fully standard of China.

[Chinese consensus on CPR and American guidelines on CPR].

OBJECTIVE: In the article, we compared "2016 national consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation in China" and "2015 American Heart Association guidelines on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care" with their definition, orientation, characterization, quantifying and thinking mode. Chinese consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) emphasizes the concept of "survival cycle" and focuses on the victim, it defines the rate of survival in its broad sense, and the thinking mode of the document is typically oriental style. However, American guidelines on CPR emphasize the concept of "survival chain" and the rescuer, it defines the rate of survival in its narrow sense, and the thinking mode is western style. The Chinese consensus cited American guidelines as part of references, and specialized them locally according to the current situation in China. In Chinese consensus, the cycle of survival covers three periods, pre-arrest phase, intra-arrest phase and post-resuscitation phase. In the pre-arrest phase, "three-prevention" policies should be adopted, which are precaution, pre-identification and early warning. During intra-arrest phase, CPR should be carried out with "three-ways" strategies, which are standardization, diversification and individuation. The "three lives" general plans should be considered during the post-resuscitation phase, which are demutation, transcending and extension. Chinese consensus on CPR has provided an omnibearing, overall-process and three-dimensional program with Chinese wisdom.

[Comparative study for effects of bare-handed CPR with Thumper cardiopulmonary resuscitator CPR in emergency department based on "the Utstein style"].

OBJECTIVE: To objectively and standardly compare the bare-handed CPR and Thumper cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR recovery effect based on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Utstein model. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted. CPR adult patients admitted to the Emergency Room of First Hospital of Qinhuangdao in Hebei Province from January 2015 to January 2017 were enrolled. Seventy patients who underwent CPR using the Thumper cardiopulmonary resuscitator were included in the Thumper CPR group; 80 patients who underwent manual hand-held CPR were included in the bare-handed CPR group. Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and return of spontaneous breathing, and blood gas analysis indexes of recovery for 5 minutes and 15 minutes [arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2), arterial blood carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2), arterial blood oxygen saturation (SaO2), blood lactic acid (Lac)] were collected. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in gender, age and cardiac arrest (CA) causes between the two groups. Compared with the bare-handed CPR group, the ROSC rate in the Thumper CPR group was significantly increased [68.57% (48/70) vs. 51.25% (41/80), χ2 = 4.642, P = 0.031], but there was no significant difference in return of spontaneous breathing rate [48.57% (34/70) vs. 47.50% (38/80), χ2 = 0.017, P = 0.896]. There was no significant difference in blood gas index between the two groups after 5 minutes of recovery. The PaO2 and SaO2 in the Thumper CPR group were significantly higher than those in the bare-handed CPR group [PaO2 (mmHg, 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa): 88.13±5.06 vs. 84.26±5.53, SaO2: 0.828±0.068 vs. 0.766±0.031, both P < 0.05), PaCO2 and Lac were significantly lower than those in the bare-handed CPR group [PaCO2 (mmHg): 34.04±4.62 vs. 40.43±5.29, Lac (mmol/L): 6.90±2.07 vs. 8.50±2.12, both P < 0.05]. CONCLUSIONS: In the process of emergency rescue, Thumper cardiopulmonary resuscitator is more successful than bare-handed CPR. The recovery rate of Thumper cardiopulmonary resuscitator is more conducive to save manpower and obtain better metabolic effect, which is worthy of clinical promotion and application.

Cannabidiol administration reduces sublesional cancellous bone loss in rats with severe spinal cord injury.

Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) undergo severe loss of bone mineral below the level of lesion, and data on available treatment options after SCI is scarce. The aim of this work was to investigate the therapeutic effect of cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabis, on sublesional bone loss in a rat model of SCI. The adult male rats were exposed to surgical transection of the cord and treated with CBD for consecutive 14 days. It was found that CBD treatment elevated the serum levels of osteocalcin, reduced the serum levels of collagen type I cross-linked C-telopeptide, and enhanced bone mineral density of tibiae and femurs. Treatment of SCI rats with CBD enhanced bone volume, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number, and reduced trabecular separation in proximal tibiae, and increased ultimate compressive load, stiffness, and energy to max force of femoral diaphysis. Treatment of SCI rats with CBD upregulated mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase and osteoprotegerin and downregulated mRNA expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in femurs. Furthermore, treatment of SCI rats with CBD enhanced mRNA expression of wnt3a, Lrp5 and ctnnb1 in femurs. In conclusion, CBD administration attenuated SCI-induced sublesional cancellous bone loss.